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providing a high-speed data path between the processor
method of providing data redundancy. Some common
and devices such as video, drives, and networks.
implementations of RAID include RAID 0, RAID 1,
PCI Express — A modification to the PCI interface that
RAID 5, RAID 10, and RAID 50.
boosts the data transfer rate between the processor and
RAM — random-access memory — The primary
the devices attached to it. PCI Express can transfer data at
temporary storage area for program instructions and data.
speeds from 250 MB/sec to 4 GB/sec. If the PCI Express
Any information stored in RAM is lost when you shut
chip set and the device are capable of different speeds,
down your computer.
they will operate at the slower speed.
readme file — A text file included with a software package
PCMCIA — Personal Computer Memory Card
or hardware product. Typically, readme files provide
International Association — The organization that
installation information and describe new product
establishes standards for PC Cards.
enhancements or corrections that have not yet been
PIO — programmed input/output — A method of
documented.
transferring data between two devices through the
read-only — Data and/or files you can view but cannot
processor as part of the data path.
edit or delete. A file can have read-only status if:
pixel — A single point on a display screen. Pixels are
• It resides on a physically write-protected floppy disk,
arranged in rows and columns to create an image. A video
CD, or DVD.
resolution, such as 800 x 600, is expressed as the number
• It is located on a network in a directory and the
of pixels across by the number of pixels up and down.
system administrator has assigned rights only to
Plug-and-Play — The ability of the computer to
specific individuals.
automatically configure devices. Plug and Play provides
refresh rate — The frequency, measured in Hz, at which
automatic installation, configuration, and compatibility
your screen's horizontal lines are recharged (sometimes
with existing hardware if the BIOS, operating system, and
also referred to as its vertical frequency). The higher the
all devices are Plug and Play compliant.
refresh rate, the less video flicker can be seen by the
POST — power-on self-test — Diagnostics programs,
human eye.
loaded automatically by the BIOS, that perform basic
resolution — The sharpness and clarity of an image
tests on the major computer components, such as
produced by a printer or displayed on a monitor. The
memory, hard drives, and video. If no problems are
higher the resolution, the sharper the image.
detected during POST, the computer continues the start-
RFI — radio frequency interference — Interference that
up.
is generated at typical radio frequencies, in the range of 10
processor — A computer chip that interprets and executes
kHz to 100,000 MHz. Radio frequencies are at the lower
program instructions. Sometimes the processor is referred
end of the electromagnetic frequency spectrum and are
to as the CPU (central processing unit).
more likely to have interference than the higher frequency
PS/2 — personal system/2 — A type of connector for
radiations, such as infrared and light.
attaching a PS/2-compatible keyboard, mouse, or keypad.
ROM — read-only memory — Memory that stores data
PXE — pre-boot execution environment — A WfM
and programs that cannot be deleted or written to by the
(Wired for Management) standard that allows networked
computer. ROM, unlike RAM, retains its contents after
computers that do not have an operating system to be
you shut down your computer. Some programs essential to
configured and started remotely.
the operation of your computer reside in ROM.
RPM — revolutions per minute — The number of
rotations that occur per minute. Hard drive speed is often
R
measured in rpm.
RAID — redundant array of independent disks — A
RTC — real time clock — Battery-powered clock on the
Glossary
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